1.
GERUND
Gerund is a Verb1+in form that is
used as a noun. Because of its function as a noun, so the gerund can function
as: subject, object of the verbs and object of prepositions and also
complements, for example:
1.
As a subject
of the sentence.
Example:
·
Swimming once
a week can make us healthy.
·
Having good
education can be a future capital.
·
Being sick causes him to stop his music tour.
·
Reading a lot is a must for every student.
·
Being a nurse is her ambition.
2.
As object of
certain verbs.
Example:
Admit
|
Krishna
admited keeping secret documents.
|
Appreciate
|
We
all appreciate your coming to this event.
|
Avoid
|
Grace
avoids tommy’s coming to the party.
|
Can’t bear
|
I
can’t bear waiting for you too long.
|
Can’t help
|
I
can’t help smiling after finding them.
|
Can’t stand
|
If
you can’t stand being treated like that, you can protest.
|
Can’t resist
|
I
couldn’t resist telling her his secre.
|
Carry on
|
We
can carry on talking about this case after lunch.
|
Consider
|
I
am considering changing my present job.
|
Deny
|
That
man denies selling drugs.
|
Detest
|
Miranda
detests talking with a bad guy.
|
Dislike
|
I
dislike watching horror film.
|
Enjoy
|
The
students enjoy listening to western songs.
|
Escape
|
The
prisoners managed to escape being shot death.
|
Excuse
|
Please
excuse m coming late, sir
|
Fancy
|
Oh,
my god! I never fancy marrying cyntia.
|
Find
|
The
policeman found the criminal hiding in the jungle.
|
Give up
|
Finally,
she gives up telling a lie.
|
Go on
|
You
can go on working inthis company.
|
Imagine
|
I
never imagine having a luxurious house.
|
|
|
3. As object of prepositions, for example: at, in,on, of,off,against, after, before,
for, for example:
·
Ardiyanto is
good at designing houses.
·
Jason is
intersted in learning indonesian cultures.
·
Farida is
clever at making new patterns of fashion.
4.
As predicate
complements, for examples:
·
Her hobby is
swimming.
·
My favourite
activity is watching western films.
5.
As modifiers
of a noun, for examples:
·
The waiting
roomis full of persons.
·
The working
condition is far from ideal.
·
The swimming
pool is being renovated.
6.
Gerunds with
“it…………………………………….ing”, for examples:
·
It is nice
sitting here with you.
·
It is no good
talking to him.
·
It is no use
trying to explan.
7.
Gerunds with
their subjects, for example;
·
She was angry
at james’ trying to lie her.
·
Dina’s
playing truant was very embarrasing.
·
Maya’s
singing is very good.
ATTENTION
Verbs:
forget, remember, and stop can given gerund
or to infinitive but have
different means.
|
Look
Different means
|
FORGET
|
FORGET
|
Rini Forget
posting the letter
|
Rini Forget
to post the letter
|
REMEMBER
|
REMEMBER
|
Mr. Sugeng remembers locking
|
Mr. Sugeng remembers to lock
|
STOP
|
STOP
|
I stop
smoking cigarettes
|
I stop
to smoke cigarettes
|
ATTENTION
Verb: NEED,
WANT, and REQUIRE + Verb-1 + ing or to be + Verb past participle / Verb-3
|
The flowers NEED watering
The flowers NEED to be watered
ATTENTION
OBJECT TO +
VERB-1 + ING
BE + OPPOSED
TO + VERB 1 + ING
ACCUSTOMED
TO + VERB 1 + ING
BE + USED TO + VERB 1 + ING
but USED TO + VERB 1
BE + LOOK
(+ING) FORWARD TO + VERB 1 + ING
|
I am
looking forward to having a job
interview
People here are accustomed to working hard day and night
We objected
to being treared like that
I am
used to practicing English on
Wednesday
I used to LIVE
in the country, but now I live a town
Exercise
A. Put the in
the right form no. 1 is done for you.
1.
I enjoy ……………………………………dancing………………………(dance)
2.
What do you
want …………………doing……………………..(do) tonight
3.
Goodbye ! I
hope ..……………………seeing………………….(see) you again soon
4.
I learned ………………………swimming………………………………(swim) when I was five years old
5.
Have you
finished ..………………………cleaning………………(clean) the kitchen ?
6.
John
apologized for ………………interrupting……………
………… (interrupt) me.
7.
I ‘m interested
in …………………………studying………………..
(study) other countries and their cultures.
8.
Jessica
wanted …………………………walking……………………(walk)
to work.
9.
Student
practice english by ……………writting…………….. (write) compositions
10.
Hastin
improves her english by ……………watching………..(watch) a lot of TV
B. Complete the
sentences using to + verb 1 ,,, or verb 1 + ing. No 1 is done for
you
1.
I like …………. Taking
or to take ………….. photograps when I’m on holiday
2.
Linda has a
lot of books. She enjoys ……reading……….
3.
I’m surprised
that you’re here. I didn’t expect……taking……..
you
4.
Don’t forget
……sending……….us a poscard when
you’re on holiday.
5.
I like London
but I wouldn’t like………going…………….there.
1)
I used to
enjoy ………climbing……. The montain
2)
As a child he
used to like ………playing……….. a kite
3)
What does
this song remind you of ? …………dancing………..
with my first date
4)
We are
looking forward to …………receiving………….
Out reports next week
5)
………having
saved………… a few thousand dollars, he went on tour to europe
6)
This book really tells you how to learn some computer program without really
………spending……… to much time
7) His parent must be angry with him because they don’t
like his………coming soon………….
8)
This car need
…………fixing………….. it is broken
9)
Miss Linda complained about ………not telling……….. about the meeting
10)
He was
working in the garden, so he didn’t hear the phone ………ringing……………….
C.
Complete the
sentences using go/goes/wenta+verb1+ing
1.
Ronny has a
boat. She often …………………………………………………………….
2.
Last Saturday
diana went………………………………………………………………….
3.
James………………………………………………………………….to
school every day.
4.
Lydia is
going on holiday next week. She…………………………………………..
5.
Peter is
going out later. He………………………………………………………………..
D.
Use the words
in the box to finish these sentences. Use to/on/for necessary.
Proposal
|
Home
|
A swim
|
Shopping
|
The bank
|
1.
The pool look
nice. Let go …………. For a swim …………….
2.
I wasn’t
enjoying the party, so I went ………………. Early
3.
‘Is your
mother at home ? ‘’ No, she gone to ………………….. to get some money
4.
I’m going
………………….. now. I have to buy some vegetables.
5.
I sat down in
front of a computer and type my…………………..
2.
Either and Neither
We use EITHER for a negative sentence and it goes at the end of the
sentence
Example : I don’t like horror
films and Sandra doesn’t either
Exercise
1)
Neither cats nor teenagers turn their heads
when you call them.
2)
You would
hardly ever see a cat walking outside of the house with its master. Nor would you see a teenager in
public with his or her parents very often.
3)
A cat doesn't
share your taste in music. A teenager doesn't either
4)
Both cats and teenagers
can lie on the sofa for hours on end without moving.
5)
Cats expect
you to prepare the food for them. So do
teenagers.
6)
If you tell a
joke, neither your
cat nor your teen will
laugh about it.
7)
If you make a
sudden move in their direction, both cats and teenagers
get frightened.
8)
Cats do not
improve your furniture. Teenagers don't either
9)
Cats roam outside
and often come home very late at night. So do teenagers.
10) Conclusion:
no matter if you either have
a cat or a teenager at home - it's all the same.
- In this game, you either
win or lose. It depends on you.
- Neither Sue nor Sara will help
you with your homework. They are both busy at the
moment.
- This is my offer. You
either take it or leave it.
- When I go to the
restaurant, eat either fish or roast chiken. These are my
favorite meals.
- His father believed neither
his son nor his friend. He thought that both were lying.
- I need neither your help
nor your compassion. I can perfectly handle my problems all
alone.
- Either Charly or Bill write the
report. Just ask one of them.
- Either you return the money you
had stolen or I'll call the police.
- My mum can neither read
nor write. She is illiterate.
- You can use neither this
computer nor the other one. Someone must fix them firstTop of Form
11.
My sister loves chocolate. So do I. Bottom o
12.
Peter was late. So was Mary.
13.
They can't speak Chinese. Neither can we.
14.
Coffee keeps you awake. So does tea.
15.
Sarah doesn't like coffee. Neither does Jane.
16.
David's job isn't well paid. Neither is
mine.
17.
My parents would love to live by the sea. So would I.
18.
Tom wouldn't like to lose his job. Neither would Peter.
19.
Julie is interested in art. So am I.
20.
Bill didn't understand the joke. Neither did his wife.
|
21. A: Do you want ice cream or apple pie?
|
|
B: Can I have both , please.
|
|
22. I'm sorry. There isn't enough to go round.
You can only have either ice cream
or pie.
|
|
23. Tony wasn't in class today. Neither was Caroline. Hmm.
|
|
24. How embarrassing! We're both wearing the same jumper.
|
|
25. Michael Jackson or Madonna? I don't like either of them.
|
|
26. I found two pairs of nice jeans in the
sales so I bought both .
|
|
27. Both streets go to the station. You can take either .
|
|
28. A: Are you Leo or Virgo?
|
|
B: Neither.
I'm Pisces.
|
|
29. So who's bringing a tent, either you or Michael?
|
|
30. A: What shall we have for lunch, pasta or
rice?
|
|
B: Either
will do. I really don't mind.
|
3.
POSSESSIVE
ADJECTIVE
Possessive adjectives are words that are used to express possesive.
Thay can not stand alone. Buy they are followed by a noun
Subject
|
Object of
verb/ Preposition
|
POSSESSIVE
ADJECTIVE
|
Pressesive
pronoun
|
Reflexie
Pronoun
|
I give this
for you.
|
She gives
me a chance.
This is for
me
|
My car is
new.
His house
is big.
|
It is mine.
Mine is red
|
I do it my
self.
Help
yourself
|
I
|
Me
|
My
|
Mine
|
Myself
|
You
|
You
|
Your
|
Yours
|
Yourself
|
He
|
Him
|
His
|
His
|
Himself
|
She
|
Her
|
Her
|
Hers
|
Herself
|
It
|
It
|
Its
|
-
|
Itself
|
We
|
Us
|
Our
|
Ours
|
Ourself
|
They
|
Them
|
Their
|
Theirs
|
themselves
|
Exercise
A.
Underline the
correct from
1.
I like (my / me) job
2.
Adam invited
(her / hers) to the meeting
3.
She speaks to
(we / us) every morning
4.
Mary and ( I / me ) will go to Jakarta.
5.
(Her / Hers) car doesn’t go.
6.
We love (our / us) profession.
7.
I go to
school with (her / hers) everyday
8.
(Her / His)
is going to Paris tomorrow
9.
I like (it / its) very much
10.
You and ( I /
me ) are students
11.
This is (my
/ me)
12.
That is (your / you) bag
13.
That is (his
/ he) house
14.
(Her /
hers ) husband is a doctor
15.
(Its
/ it) door is broken
16.
Her is (our / us) president
17.
(Their /
them) problem are serious
B.
Put in MY, YOUR, HER, HIS, OUR, THEIR, ITS
1.
I’m going to
post …………………my………………………………… Letter.
2.
Do you like
………………………YOUR………………………………………… job.
3.
I met Emilia
with ……………………HER……………………………….….
Husband, Budiman.
4.
Yogyakarta is
famous for ………………MY……………………….….. university.
5.
Mr. and Mrs.
Hasan live in Solo ……………THEIR……………….…… daughter lives in
London.
6.
Mr. Iman
invites ……………………………HIS…………………………... Friends to come to party.
7.
We want to
visit Bali …………………………OUR……………………... first visit is Tanah Lot.
8.
Where is the
handle of this hammer ? ……………ITS.………… hendle is over there.
9.
Where is
…………………………………YOUR…………………………………. Letter ? Its on the table.
10.
Thanks you
for …………………………YOUR………………………………… help.
4.
Too, So,
Both.
We use TOO for a positive
sentence and it goes at the end of the sentence. For example : retno is busy
and I am TOO.
We us SO for a positive sentence
and it goes at the beginning of the sentence. Exemple : I am very hungry and SO
is Rina.
We use BOTH to talk about two
things or persons. Example : Dessy has two children. BOTH are diligent
Exercise
A.
Put SO, TOO,
BOTH where necessary.
1.
Amin studies
hard day and night and you do you do ………………. TOO …………….
2.
I learn
English and …………… SO ………… does
Susanty
3.
This house
has two doors ……. BOTH ………..
are made of wood.
4.
Hetty went to
the music show and Dina did ………..TOO
…………
5.
Last month I
went to Jakarta and Bandung. I like ……BOTH
….. cities.
6.
Retno is busy
and I am …………TOO …………..
7.
I am very
hungry and ………….SO…………….. is Rina.
8.
Dessy has two
children …..… BOTH ……… are diligent
9.
It was a god
football macth ……….BOTH………. teams played well.
10.
Last year I
went to Singapore and South Korea. And Berry ………… ………….
11.
There were
two pictures on the wall. I like ………BOTH……………. Of them
12.
It was a good
football macth …………………………. Team played well.
13.
Febrianty has
two novels and I ………am TOO………………..
14.
I’m happy.
You are happy …………TOO…………………….
15.
Lenny’s
mother is a teacher. Her morther is a teacher …………………. Are teachers.
16.
I’m tired.
She is tired ……………………………
17.
Iman can
drive a car and …………………….. aisyah.
18.
I like
shopping. Olivia likes shopping ……………………………. Like shopping.
1. He's …TOO… young to watch that film. It's for adults.
2. Thanks a lot. That's …SO… a nice thing to say about my performance.
3. Hello, Pete. I'm …SO… glad you could come tonight.
4. Be …VERY… careful when you go there. It can be dangerous sometimes.
5. We should be arriving home before …too… long. Don't
worry.
6. I'm not feeling …too… bad today thank you. I think my cold must be getting better.
7. It wasn't …very… expensive, so I decided to buy it.
8. The weather was…so.. nice that we
decided to eat outside.
9. Thank you for a…very… nice
evening. I enjoyed every moment of it.
10. It's …such… a pity you weren't here last night. We had a great time.
11. Everyone has had …too… much to do recently. We haven't had time to write.
12. The concert was …much… better than I had expected.
B.
Put in TOO,
TOO MUCH, TOO MANY, ENOUGH
1.
I like the
weather here. There’s ………..TOO MUCH………. Rain.
2.
She’s alwalys at home. She doesn’t go out …………………………
3.
We can wait
for the bus. We haven’t got …………………………..
time.
4.
There was
nowhere to sit on the park. There ware ……………………….. people.
5.
You’re always
tired. I think you work …………………………………………. Hard.
C.
Use TOO (+
adjective) + TO (do something)
1.
I am not
going out. It is too cold ….......... its TOO
COLD TO GO OUT……….
2.
I am not
going to bed. It is early. It’s ……………………………………………
3.
They are
getting married. They are young. They’re …....…………………………
4.
This box is very heavy. I cant lift it.
It’s ……………………………….
5.
I don’t
contact Aisyah. It is late. It’s
……………………………………
6.
Pronoun as
subject
·
Subject pronouns are used when
the pronoun is the subject of the sentence. You can remember subject pronouns
easily by filling in the blank subject space for a simple sentence.
Example:
______ did the job.
I, you, he, she, it, we, and they all fit into the blank and are, therefore,
subject pronouns.
·
Subject pronouns are also used if
they rename the subject. They follow to be verbs such asis, are, was, were, am, and will be.
Examples:
It is he.
This is she speaking.
It is we who are responsible for the
decision to downsize.
NOTE: In spoken English, most people tend to follow to be verbs with object pronouns. Many English
teachers support (or at least have given in to) this distinction between written
and spoken English.
Example:
It could have been them.
Better:
It could have been they.
Example:
It is just me at the door.
Better:
It is just I at the door.
Exercise
1. …I… am happy. (Saya bahagia)
2. …You… are very kind. (Kamu sangat baik hati)
3. Are … you… angry
with me? (Apakah kamu marah pada saya?
4. …He… is a student. (Dia(lk) seorang pelajar)
5. Is …he… your
son? (Apakah dia anak lelaki kamu?)
6. That is Miss Ida. …She… is
not a nurse. (Itu Miss Ida. Dia bukan seorang perawat)
7. …They… hope us to
come. (Mereka mengharapkan kita datang)
8. …I… would like to visit you someday, Mr and Mrs Douglas. (Saya ingin
mengunjungi anda sekalian suatu hari nanti, Mr dan Mrs Douglas).
9. …They…visited
the book store, yesterday.
10. …He…always
late to go to school. Because he is lazy.
1)
…I… really adore him. (Saya sunguh-sungguh memujanya.)
2)
Do ...you… want me to help you? ( Apakah kamu ingin
membantu saya?)
3)
…He… does not love you, I think. ( Dia (l)
tidak mencintai anda, saya rasa)
4)
…She… lives around here, doesn't she? (Dia tinggal di sekitar sisni,
kan?
5)
What
did …she… say?
(Apa yang dia (p) katakan?
6)
…It… is a tiger, isn't it? (Dia (
bin) seekor harimau, kan?)
7)
Is …it… a
DVD or a CD? (apakah dia (benda) sebuah DVD atau sebuah CD?)
8)
A:
Where are …you… from?
(Dari mana kalian?)
a.
B
and C : …We… are
from the market. (Kami dari
pasar)
9)
A:
Who will come with Grandma? (Siapa yang akan ikut Nenek?
a.
A: …I… think we all have to go with her: Tina, Nana,
you and I. (Menurutku kita semua harus ikut Nenek: Tina, Nina, kamu adan saya)
10)
A:
Where are your father and your mother? Are …they… at home? ( Di manakah ayah dan ibu kalian?
Apakah mereka di rumah)
a.
B
and C: No. …They… are
out right now
1.
I have a cat …it… is a
black
2.
This umbrela is red , but ….the
other… is black.
3.
Ana and …I.. are a
neighbours. We live on Jalan Rusa
4.
Is his name Anton? Yes, …he is
Anton…
5.
Is your sister a doctor? Yes, ….she
is….
6.
Mr.Ali’s daughter is not here now…she…has
gone to Supermarket.
7.
The lady and…you…have passed
the test. Both of you will be student at SMA
8.
The chairs are very comfortable. We want to buy..it….
9.
I have a nice bread. And my friends want to taste…it…
10.
Iman’s sister is beautiful…she…has
sweet smile.
A.
Rewrite
each of the sentences below. Replace the subject of each sentence
with its correct pronoun.
1. The thief stole the expensive
diamonds.
= He
stole the expensive diamonds
2. The elegant lady walked into
the hotel.
= She walked into the hotel
3. The green palm trees were
growing abundantly.
= They were growing abundantly.
4. The lid of the box was left
wide open.
= It was left wide open
5. The woman carefully wrote the
letter.
= She carefully wrote the letter
6. Detectives kept diligent watch
at the bank.
= They kept diligent watch at the bank
7. A mouse ran all through the
house.
= It ran all through the house.
8. The chimney was extremely
tall.
= It was extremely tall
9. The Titanic was an enormous
ship.
= It
was an enormous ship.
10.The nature photographers
filmed the hippopotamus.
= They filmed the hippopotamus.
source by :
* Book english grammar "pustaka pelajar"
* englishexercises.org
* scribd.com
* ihbristol.com
* a4esl.org
* myenglishpages.com
* ego4u.com
* learn-english-today.com